Japan is facing a significant increase in cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), a rare yet potentially fatal bacterial infection. The National Institute of Infectious Diseases has reported 1,019 cases in the first six months of 2024, already exceeding last year’s total, with 77 fatalities recorded.
Health officials are deeply concerned about this sharp increase. STSS is caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria, commonly found in the throat and on the skin. Typically, GAS infections result in mild illnesses like strep throat, but the bacteria can sometimes penetrate deeper tissues and enter the bloodstream, leading to severe and life-threatening conditions like STSS.
“Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome occurs when GAS bacteria spread into the blood and deep tissues,” explained Céline Gounder, editor-at-large for public health at KFF Health News and an infectious-disease specialist at NYU and Bellevue Hospital. “Blood, lung, and ‘flesh-eating’ infections are less common, but they can be deadly.”
Certain factors increase the risk of contracting STSS, including open wounds, diabetes, and alcohol use. The CDC also notes that recent surgeries, varicella virus infections such as chickenpox or shingles, and being over 65 are significant risk factors. The mortality rate for STSS is about 30%, underscoring the importance of early detection and treatment.
STSS is closely linked with necrotizing fasciitis, a severe infection by Group A Strep bacteria that destroys muscles, skin, and underlying tissues. Andrew Steer, director of infection, immunity, and global health at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute in Melbourne, Australia, emphasized the connection between the two conditions, noting that they often co-occur.
Symptoms of STSS can appear suddenly and escalate quickly. Early signs include fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting, with a sunburn-like rash possibly developing. Within 24 to 48 hours, the condition can deteriorate, leading to a drop in blood pressure, organ failure, and increased heart rate and breathing difficulties. Immediate medical intervention is crucial to manage the infection and improve survival chances.
